Style Guides and Automatic Code Formatting

At this point, we’re familiar with a lot of different techniques we can use when writing our programs. What’s likely to be less familiar is when to apply those techniques.

When working for a company, or on a project shared by multiple developers, we strive to write code in a relatively consistent way. This is usually documented in something called a Style Guide.

Style Guides

Style guides are a developer's or company’s opinion on how code should be written. They prescribe conventions like:

• What data types we should use? For example, should floating point numbers be float or double? Should strings be std::string or something else?
• How do we use language features - for example, in what scenarios should we use auto and const?
• How do we name our variables, classes, and functions - for example, do we use camelCase, PascalCase, or snake_case? Do we have some convention for class member variable names, such as prefixing them with an m?
• How do we use "white space" - that is, which code blocks are indented, and by how much? How wide can a line of code be before we should break it up across multiple lines?

Many developers and companies make these style guides public. We’ve referenced the Google C++ Style Guide and the Unreal Coding Standard a few times throughout this course.

Once we’ve agreed on a style guide, checking that our code conforms to it can be largely automated. In this lesson, we’ll focus on automating the layout of our code, using white space.

In the next lesson, we’ll focus on static analysis tools, that can automatically check that we’re conforming to things like naming conventions, const-correctness, header guards, and more.

White Space

We've already seen that the compiler doesn't necessarily care about how we use space in our code files. We can generally add additional space and line breaks as preferred.

From the compiler's point of view, all of the following are equivalent:

1int Character::GetHealth() const
2{
3  return Health;
4}

1int Character::GetHealth() const {
2  return Health;
3}

1int Character::
2    GetHealth() const
3  { return Health; }

1int
2  Character::GetHealth()
3const {
4  return Health;
5}

However, humans need to read our code too. We generally want to have code laid out consistently, so the overall structure of our files can be quickly understood at a glance.

Automatic Code Formatting

Experienced developers typically do not format their code manually. We automate this process.

Likely, you've already seen this in action - your editor has probably been indenting and laying out code for you.

Editors have settings that allow us to control that process, letting us specify how we want the formatting to work. In Visual Studio, for example, these settings are under Options > Text Editor > C/C++.

However, it's more common to create a configuration file that does this for us. Configuration files are easier to share across a team, and many formats work across different IDEs. This allows everyone to conform to the same style, without needing everyone to use the same editor.

A common choice for a format that works across a range of tools is ClangFormat.

ClangFormat

To use ClangFormat, we just need to create a file called .clang-format (note the initial .) in the root directory of our project.

In Visual Studio, we can create this by Right-Clicking on our project name in the Solution Explorer and selecting Add > New Item. In the Formatting section on the right, we should see the ClangFormat template. We should leave the name as the default (.clang-format) and add it to our project.

Several style guides are available by default within clang-format. For example, we can use Google’s style guide by adding a .clang-format file with a single line of configuration:

1BasedOnStyle: Google

Aside from Google, other style guides are available. You may want to try Mozilla, LLVM, and Microsoft here instead.

From there, we can add additional rules to update or override our imported settings. For example, we could broadly use Microsoft’s style, but set a different indent size and maximum line length using the following:

1BasedOnStyle: Microsoft
2
3IndentWidth: 2
4ColumnLimit: 60

All the rules we can use to set up ClangFormat are available in the documentation.

Many .clang-format files are available online for us to copy, update, and play around with until we find something that works for us.

Those interested in applying the style of Unreal Engine can use the .clang-format file made available by TensorWorks (MIT License):

1StatementMacros: [
2  'UPROPERTY', 'UFUNCTION', 'UCLASS', 'USTRUCT',
3  'UENUM', 'UINTERFACE', 'GENERATED_BODY'
4]
5Language: Cpp
6BasedOnStyle: LLVM
7
8AccessModifierOffset: -4
9AlignAfterOpenBracket: DontAlign
10AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: true
11AlignEscapedNewlines: Left
12AlignOperands: DontAlign
13AlignTrailingComments: true
14AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Empty
15AllowShortEnumsOnASingleLine: false
16AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Inline
17AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: All
18BraceWrapping:
19  AfterCaseLabel: true
20  AfterClass: true
21  AfterControlStatement: true
22  AfterEnum: true
23  AfterFunction: true
24  AfterNamespace: true
25  AfterObjCDeclaration: true
26  AfterStruct: true
27  AfterUnion: true
28  AfterExternBlock: true
29  BeforeCatch: true
30  BeforeElse: true
31  BeforeLambdaBody: false
32  BeforeWhile: true
33  IndentBraces: false
34BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: NonAssignment
35BreakBeforeBraces: Custom
36BreakInheritanceList: AfterColon
37BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true
38BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeComma
39BreakStringLiterals: false
40ColumnLimit: 0
41ConstructorInitializerAllOnOneLineOrOnePerLine: true
42Cpp11BracedListStyle: false
43EmptyLineBeforeAccessModifier: LogicalBlock
44IndentCaseBlocks: false
45IndentCaseLabels: true
46IndentPPDirectives: BeforeHash
47IndentWidth: 4
48NamespaceIndentation: All
49PointerAlignment: Left
50SortIncludes: false
51SpaceBeforeCaseColon: false
52TabWidth: 4
53UseTab: Always

Summary

In this lesson, we explored Style Guides, and how ClangFormat can automate code formatting. The key things we learned included:

• Understanding the role and contents of a Style Guide in coding, including decisions on data types, language features, naming conventions, and whitespace usage.
• The practice of maintaining consistent coding styles in collaborative environments and how style guides facilitate this.
• Introduction to ClangFormat as a tool for automating the layout of code, making adherence to chosen style guides quick and easy.
• Steps to create and customize a .clang-format file, with examples of incorporating popular style guides like Google's and Microsoft's.
• Highlighting the practical application of ClangFormat in IDEs such as Visual Studio, and referencing online resources for further exploration.

Preview of the Next Lesson

In our upcoming lesson, we'll go deeper into this topic, exploring static analysis tools. We'll explore how our IDE can be configured to help identify potential errors and files that deviate from our chosen code style.

We’ll also cover how dedicated static analysis tools can go further than what is included in our IDE. We’ll introduce Resharper, a commercial tool, and CppCheck, a free alternative

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