Enums

Another common data requirement we will soon run into is a desire to have a property be one of a limited set of values.

We've seen booleans for capturing one of two states - true or false, but what if we want a property to be one of three, four, or more possibilities?

We could imagine a need to store a character's faction, for example, with possible values being "Goblin", "Undead", and "Troll"

Defining Enums

This is where the concept of an enumerated type is useful. These are sometimes called enumerations, or simply enums. We create an enum in C++ like this:

1enum class Faction {
2  Goblin,
3  Undead,
4  Troll,
5  Dragon
6};

Using Enums

Variables that store one of these values will have a type of Faction, and we can access the options using the scope resolution operator ::. Three examples of this are shown below:

1Faction EnemyType { Faction::Dragon };

1bool isTroll(Faction SelectedFaction) {
2  return SelectedFaction == Faction::Troll;
3}

1class Vampire {
2public:
3  Faction GetFaction() { return mFaction; }
4private:
5  Faction mFaction { Faction::Undead }
6};
7
8Vampire Enemy;
9Faction EnemyFaction { Enemy.GetFaction() };

1enum class Mood { Friendly, Neutral, Hostile };
2
3class Character {
4  // ?
5};

Advantages of Enums

We could have captured these multiple-choice variables as some other type - for example, integers or strings.

But, if we use integers, our code becomes quite difficult to follow, as we have to remember what the numbers mean. For example, is 3 a troll or a dragon?

Strings like "Dragon" solve the readability problem. However, they consume more memory and network resources than an int, and they're also slower to compare.

Enums combine the performance of integers with the readability of strings. Additionally, they have even more advantages:

• The compiler will only permit valid values - there's no risk we introduce a bug by mistyping a string, or using a number that doesn't correspond to any value.
• Because an enum defines what the possible options are, our tools can be helpful. For example, our code editor will generally provide auto-complete support when we're working with enums. As soon as we type Faction::, our IDE will likely display the range of Faction values available to us.

Summary

This lesson introduced the concept of Enums in C++. Enums allow us to represent a set of predefined values, enhancing both code readability and efficiency.

Key Learnings:

• Enums allow for defining a variable to be one of a limited set of predefined values, like Faction with options such as Goblin, Undead, and Troll.
• The enum class syntax provides a strongly typed enumeration.
• Enums are more efficient and readable than using integers or strings for multiple-choice variables.
• The scope resolution operator :: is used to access enum values.
• Enums, being stored as integers internally, are fast to compare and help prevent errors compared to strings or plain integers.

Preview of the Next Lesson

In our upcoming lesson, we'll dive into the use of using statements, allowing us to simplify our code and enhance readability.

Key Topics to Be Covered:

• Understanding the using statement and its role in simplifying code.
• Application of using statements in namespaces to avoid namespace pollution.
• How to use using statements with enums to streamline code readability and usage.
• Utilizing using statements for type aliases.
• Best practices and common pitfalls when implementing using statements in various C++ programming scenarios.